1
00:00:45,770 --> 00:00:43,700
for more than 20 centuries the moon has

2
00:00:48,410 --> 00:00:45,780
been studied and investigated by skilled

3
00:00:50,240 --> 00:00:48,420
and ingenious men they have come to

4
00:00:52,670 --> 00:00:50,250
realize that in comparing the moon with

5
00:00:55,700 --> 00:00:52,680
you we can learn more about the history

6
00:00:57,400 --> 00:00:55,710
of both and ultimately more about the

7
00:01:00,319 --> 00:00:57,410
history of the solar system as a whole

8
00:01:02,420 --> 00:01:00,329
in the process we would gain a new

9
00:01:12,440 --> 00:01:02,430
perspective about our own place and role

10
00:01:14,660 --> 00:01:12,450
on our small blue planet before a manned

11
00:01:17,539 --> 00:01:14,670
Apollo flights to the moon we could only

12
00:01:22,030 --> 00:01:17,549
study it remotely primarily by way of

13
00:01:25,219 --> 00:01:22,040
instruments such as the telescope and

14
00:01:32,140 --> 00:01:25,229
recently in history by way of automated

15
00:01:37,430 --> 00:01:35,480
early in the 17th century galileo

16
00:01:40,070 --> 00:01:37,440
galilei became the first of the great

17
00:01:42,440 --> 00:01:40,080
scientists to use the telescope a quite

18
00:01:47,660 --> 00:01:42,450
novel instrument at the time to study

19
00:01:50,270 --> 00:01:47,670
the moon I feel sure that the surface of

20
00:01:52,700 --> 00:01:50,280
the Moon is not perfectly smooth free

21
00:01:54,980 --> 00:01:52,710
from inequalities and exactly spherical

22
00:01:59,210 --> 00:01:54,990
as a large school of philosophers

23
00:02:02,510 --> 00:01:59,220
considers on the contrary it is full of

24
00:02:05,300 --> 00:02:02,520
inequalities uneven full of hollows and

25
00:02:08,719 --> 00:02:05,310
protuberances just like the surface of

26
00:02:10,850 --> 00:02:08,729
the earth itself his discoveries helped

27
00:02:13,910 --> 00:02:10,860
overturn erroneous beliefs popularly

28
00:02:18,310 --> 00:02:13,920
held and taught for 14 centuries and lay

29
00:02:22,970 --> 00:02:20,990
Galileo would be followed by a scream of

30
00:02:25,640 --> 00:02:22,980
other scientists and a mass of new

31
00:02:27,590 --> 00:02:25,650
information and knowledge the centuries

32
00:02:33,110 --> 00:02:27,600
of investigations produced a great deal

33
00:02:35,780 --> 00:02:33,120
of information about the moon for

34
00:02:38,449 --> 00:02:35,790
instance the moon orbiting once about

35
00:02:41,210 --> 00:02:38,459
every four weeks always keeping the same

36
00:02:43,250 --> 00:02:41,220
face toward Earth is far larger and more

37
00:02:44,810 --> 00:02:43,260
distant compared with its planet then

38
00:02:46,580 --> 00:02:44,820
are any of the other moons of our solar

39
00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:46,590
system compared with their planets in

40
00:02:51,310 --> 00:02:49,290
fact the moon is often considered a

41
00:02:54,290 --> 00:02:51,320
planet in its own right

42
00:02:56,060 --> 00:02:54,300
further some scientists believe that the

43
00:02:58,610 --> 00:02:56,070
moon is gradually pulling away from the

44
00:03:01,449 --> 00:02:58,620
earth which in turn is gradually

45
00:03:03,949 --> 00:03:01,459
revolving slower and slower on its axis

46
00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:03,959
there is at least some evidence that the

47
00:03:08,390 --> 00:03:05,850
moon was much nearer Earth in the past

48
00:03:13,520 --> 00:03:08,400
although no one knows just how near it

49
00:03:18,600 --> 00:03:16,380
the surface of the Moon has aptly been

50
00:03:21,270 --> 00:03:18,610
described as a cosmic battlefield a

51
00:03:24,300 --> 00:03:21,280
place terribly hostile to life

52
00:03:26,850 --> 00:03:24,310
it is alternately baked and frozen in

53
00:03:29,160 --> 00:03:26,860
temperatures ranging from some 250

54
00:03:32,339 --> 00:03:29,170
degrees Fahrenheit above zero to some

55
00:03:37,860 --> 00:03:32,349
250 degrees below zero and it is seared

56
00:03:39,660 --> 00:03:37,870
by radiation from the Sun as a whole the

57
00:03:41,940 --> 00:03:39,670
surface of the Moon may be divided into

58
00:03:43,860 --> 00:03:41,950
the heavily cratered Highlands which

59
00:03:46,650 --> 00:03:43,870
Galileo called the brighter parts and

60
00:03:51,660 --> 00:03:46,660
the Maurya which Galileo called the

61
00:03:54,449 --> 00:03:51,670
darker parts the highlands are far more

62
00:03:59,339 --> 00:03:54,459
rugged having 20 to 30 times more

63
00:04:01,229 --> 00:03:59,349
craters than the Maurya this means that

64
00:04:03,030 --> 00:04:01,239
the formation of craters had slowed

65
00:04:10,440 --> 00:04:03,040
drastically by the time the Maurya

66
00:04:12,119 --> 00:04:10,450
basins were filled in essence the

67
00:04:15,599 --> 00:04:12,129
Highlands were formed when the moon was

68
00:04:21,569 --> 00:04:15,609
a growing dynamic body the Maurya when

69
00:04:24,029 --> 00:04:21,579
the moon was far less active in contrast

70
00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:24,039
with the moon's face the far side is

71
00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:25,810
almost totally covered with Highlands

72
00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:32,760
telescopes and automated satellites

73
00:04:37,800 --> 00:04:34,450
brought us close-up looks at many

74
00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:37,810
individual features for instance in the

75
00:04:46,330 --> 00:04:40,690
highlands craters which look much like

76
00:04:51,340 --> 00:04:48,700
other craters which look like impact

77
00:04:53,260 --> 00:04:51,350
sites sometimes with streaks of debris

78
00:04:57,640 --> 00:04:53,270
radiating hundreds of miles away from

79
00:04:59,620 --> 00:04:57,650
their centers mountain ranges which

80
00:05:05,080 --> 00:04:59,630
tower thousands of feet above the

81
00:05:10,450 --> 00:05:05,090
surrounding Plains symmetrical Hills

82
00:05:16,150 --> 00:05:10,460
known as domes apparent red glows first

83
00:05:18,310 --> 00:05:16,160
seen in the 1950s where the Highlands

84
00:05:20,500 --> 00:05:18,320
and Mario meet there are features which

85
00:05:25,660 --> 00:05:20,510
look much like ocean waves approaching a

86
00:05:28,570 --> 00:05:25,670
rugged shoreline the Maurya basins are

87
00:05:31,090 --> 00:05:28,580
comparatively smooth and flat likened to

88
00:05:33,580 --> 00:05:31,100
a frozen sea by the first meander orbit

89
00:05:36,310 --> 00:05:33,590
the moon and they are marked by

90
00:05:42,340 --> 00:05:36,320
so-called wrinkled ridges which had the

91
00:05:45,190 --> 00:05:42,350
appearance of frozen waves phantom

92
00:05:50,440 --> 00:05:45,200
craters evidently real craters virtually

93
00:05:52,720 --> 00:05:50,450
inundated by Mario materials then there

94
00:05:58,360 --> 00:05:52,730
are valleys which wander for hundreds of

95
00:06:00,640 --> 00:05:58,370
miles across the surface great fractures

96
00:06:05,620 --> 00:06:00,650
or faults which may slice across the

97
00:06:07,050 --> 00:06:05,630
moon's face for a hundred miles there

98
00:06:10,570 --> 00:06:07,060
are the newly discovered mass

99
00:06:13,090 --> 00:06:10,580
concentrations or mass cones buried

100
00:06:14,950 --> 00:06:13,100
beneath the circular Marya and their

101
00:06:16,750 --> 00:06:14,960
gravitational attraction actually

102
00:06:21,210 --> 00:06:16,760
distorts the flight paths of space

103
00:06:25,980 --> 00:06:24,120
from surveyor spacecraft there was even

104
00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:25,990
some knowledge of the nature of the soil

105
00:06:37,340 --> 00:06:34,630
and a chemistry of materials yet for all

106
00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:37,350
we had learned for all we had discovered

107
00:06:42,690 --> 00:06:40,330
even with unmanned space vehicles which

108
00:06:44,940 --> 00:06:42,700
landed on the surface and manned Apollo

109
00:06:48,690 --> 00:06:44,950
vehicles which orbited above the surface

110
00:07:00,200 --> 00:06:48,700
the moon still somehow seemed remote and

111
00:07:08,640 --> 00:07:05,280
putting feet down to a nap any feet two

112
00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:08,650
and a half down take that out for

113
00:07:16,860 --> 00:07:11,530
forward forward drift into the right

114
00:07:22,110 --> 00:07:16,870
little shiny second or weakest I kept

115
00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:29,490
at the battle out there contact light

116
00:07:39,630 --> 00:07:34,580
okay engine stop we copy it down eagle

117
00:07:43,230 --> 00:07:39,640
and Gordie babe here we go out landed in

118
00:07:44,580 --> 00:07:43,240
a sense from this moment on the old moon

119
00:07:47,430 --> 00:07:44,590
that had once been the stuff of

120
00:07:50,700 --> 00:07:47,440
impossible dreams completely disappeared

121
00:07:53,520 --> 00:07:50,710
and a new moon of mountains and valleys

122
00:07:57,600 --> 00:07:53,530
and stone and dirt and possible dreams

123
00:08:01,050 --> 00:07:57,610
took its place I will get to the details

124
00:08:04,380 --> 00:08:01,060
of what's around here but it looked like

125
00:08:08,960 --> 00:08:04,390
a collection of just about every variety

126
00:08:12,860 --> 00:08:08,970
of shaped angularity granularity that

127
00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:12,870
every variety of rock you could find

128
00:08:22,340 --> 00:08:16,290
fairly large number of craters of the

129
00:08:27,840 --> 00:08:22,350
five 250-foot variety and some reaches

130
00:08:30,650 --> 00:08:27,850
for 2013 Iowa death and literally

131
00:08:34,500 --> 00:08:30,660
thousands of little one and stupid

132
00:08:39,230 --> 00:08:34,510
craters around the area there is a hill

133
00:08:42,480 --> 00:08:39,240
and you just about on the ground track

134
00:08:47,010 --> 00:08:42,490
ahead of it difficult to estimate but

135
00:08:49,770 --> 00:08:47,020
might be a half a mile and throughout

136
00:08:52,860 --> 00:08:49,780
the world there was renewed belief not

137
00:08:57,120 --> 00:08:52,870
just in American technology but in human

138
00:08:59,640 --> 00:08:57,130
abilities thus in the Moon Sea of

139
00:09:04,980 --> 00:08:59,650
Tranquility a new chapter in the history

140
00:09:07,380 --> 00:09:04,990
of science was begun simultaneously a

141
00:09:09,720 --> 00:09:07,390
carefully developed and planned program

142
00:09:14,670 --> 00:09:09,730
of scientific investigation was set in

143
00:09:17,579 --> 00:09:14,680
motion there would be new information

144
00:09:20,070 --> 00:09:17,589
about the internal structure of the moon

145
00:09:23,610 --> 00:09:20,080
the chemical composition of the rocks

146
00:09:28,380 --> 00:09:23,620
and soil the dynamic processes at work

147
00:09:31,330 --> 00:09:28,390
and the ages of materials scientists

148
00:09:34,010 --> 00:09:31,340
shared a great sense of excitement

149
00:09:36,380 --> 00:09:34,020
in the highest-priority scientific

150
00:09:38,090 --> 00:09:36,390
undertaking the astronauts collected a

151
00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:38,100
selection of samples of the lunar

152
00:09:43,010 --> 00:09:40,610
surface the first extraterrestrial

153
00:09:47,240 --> 00:09:43,020
materials ever to be brought to earth

154
00:09:49,970 --> 00:09:47,250
from a known context in an experience so

155
00:10:28,010 --> 00:09:49,980
new every fragment of information was of

156
00:10:30,500 --> 00:10:28,020
intense scientific interest in the

157
00:10:32,900 --> 00:10:30,510
centres of small craters the astronauts

158
00:10:37,580 --> 00:10:32,910
discovered strange features which looked

159
00:10:39,440 --> 00:10:37,590
much like splattered solder or glass the

160
00:10:41,900 --> 00:10:39,450
astronauts discovered rocks which had

161
00:10:44,180 --> 00:10:41,910
been hurled from neighboring craters yet

162
00:10:46,940 --> 00:10:44,190
they saw no impact scars in the powdery

163
00:10:48,560 --> 00:10:46,950
surface with a rock struck the scars had

164
00:10:52,130 --> 00:10:48,570
apparently been eroded away by an

165
00:10:54,260 --> 00:10:52,140
unknown process the astronauts set up an

166
00:10:56,660 --> 00:10:54,270
array of instruments in effect a

167
00:10:58,490 --> 00:10:56,670
miniature scientific station to return

168
00:11:02,750 --> 00:10:58,500
data to earth long after the men

169
00:11:04,900 --> 00:11:02,760
themselves had left one of the

170
00:11:07,250 --> 00:11:04,910
instruments relatively simple in concept

171
00:11:09,200 --> 00:11:07,260
was a reflecting device which would

172
00:11:14,030 --> 00:11:09,210
intercept a laser beam from earth and

173
00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:16,200
measuring the time it took the beam to

174
00:11:18,240 --> 00:11:17,770
travel from the earth to the moon and

175
00:11:20,340 --> 00:11:18,250
back

176
00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:20,350
scientists could calculate the distance

177
00:11:25,080 --> 00:11:23,410
to the moon within a few inches they

178
00:11:27,510 --> 00:11:25,090
will be able to use such precise

179
00:11:29,670 --> 00:11:27,520
measurements in studying the earth for

180
00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:29,680
instance the variations in its rotation

181
00:11:38,550 --> 00:11:33,490
rate the wobble of its axis the drift of

182
00:11:41,100 --> 00:11:38,560
its continents another of the devices

183
00:11:43,220 --> 00:11:41,110
was a seismometer an instrument which

184
00:11:45,870 --> 00:11:43,230
detects vibrations of the lunar surface

185
00:11:47,340 --> 00:11:45,880
the vibrations reflect something of the

186
00:11:53,130 --> 00:11:47,350
nature of the internal structure and

187
00:11:55,620 --> 00:11:53,140
energy release of the moon a few months

188
00:11:58,440 --> 00:11:55,630
later when Apollo 12 landed in the ocean

189
00:12:00,660 --> 00:11:58,450
of storms the astronauts given more time

190
00:12:02,820 --> 00:12:00,670
for scientific work on the surface were

191
00:12:05,640 --> 00:12:02,830
able to enlarge on all that the Apollo

192
00:12:08,130 --> 00:12:05,650
11 astronauts had accomplished they were

193
00:12:10,680 --> 00:12:08,140
able to range farther collect more and

194
00:12:14,370 --> 00:12:10,690
better documented samples and set up a

195
00:12:16,380 --> 00:12:14,380
larger scientific station the scientific

196
00:12:22,110 --> 00:12:16,390
exploration of the moon was now well

197
00:12:24,930 --> 00:12:22,120
underway the lunar materials returned to

198
00:12:27,480 --> 00:12:24,940
Earth were met with high excitement more

199
00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:27,490
than 140 scientists from this country

200
00:12:33,210 --> 00:12:29,770
and abroad understand two painstaking

201
00:12:35,340 --> 00:12:33,220
and intensive investigations we're

202
00:12:38,340 --> 00:12:35,350
broadening our horizon we were never

203
00:12:40,140 --> 00:12:38,350
able to do that while the intense

204
00:12:41,910 --> 00:12:40,150
activity that took place on the surface

205
00:12:44,640 --> 00:12:41,920
of the earth when it was a young planet

206
00:12:46,710 --> 00:12:44,650
had wiped out the record of the first

207
00:12:49,710 --> 00:12:46,720
million years in his history the moon

208
00:12:51,680 --> 00:12:49,720
has now restored that missing record in

209
00:12:54,360 --> 00:12:51,690
so far as we can related to the earth I

210
00:12:56,160 --> 00:12:54,370
think it's contact with the feelings of

211
00:12:58,020 --> 00:12:56,170
every person not merely with the

212
00:13:02,700 --> 00:12:58,030
specialists regarding what he's doing

213
00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:02,710
here on the face of this planet typical

214
00:13:07,170 --> 00:13:04,510
of the detailed efforts were studies

215
00:13:09,810 --> 00:13:07,180
with electron microscopes which produced

216
00:13:17,950 --> 00:13:09,820
magnifications up to 1 million times and

217
00:13:22,730 --> 00:13:21,140
for some of these studies samples were

218
00:13:25,640 --> 00:13:22,740
sectioned with a knife which has the

219
00:13:33,710 --> 00:13:25,650
sharpest edge known it can split a hair

220
00:13:35,810 --> 00:13:33,720
into ten thousand sections the

221
00:13:40,280 --> 00:13:35,820
scientists often felt a sense of wonder

222
00:13:42,130 --> 00:13:40,290
what they saw dot which looks like gray

223
00:13:44,720 --> 00:13:42,140
material without interest has

224
00:13:46,790 --> 00:13:44,730
exceedingly beautiful and varied forms

225
00:13:48,170 --> 00:13:46,800
just from an aesthetic standpoint as

226
00:13:49,610 --> 00:13:48,180
well of course from a scientific

227
00:13:51,470 --> 00:13:49,620
standpoint when you put it under the

228
00:13:53,660 --> 00:13:51,480
microscope the material is just

229
00:13:54,730 --> 00:13:53,670
beautiful aesthetically and of course

230
00:13:59,330 --> 00:13:54,740
it's beautiful

231
00:14:01,370 --> 00:13:59,340
scientifically among the materials there

232
00:14:03,890 --> 00:14:01,380
are crystalline rocks clearly marked as

233
00:14:06,410 --> 00:14:03,900
igneous by bubble-like cavities and by

234
00:14:09,260 --> 00:14:06,420
their chemistry they were crystallized

235
00:14:11,030 --> 00:14:09,270
from molten silicon material in a lunar

236
00:14:17,600 --> 00:14:11,040
inferno with temperatures well over

237
00:14:19,550 --> 00:14:17,610
2,000 degrees Fahrenheit there are other

238
00:14:21,580 --> 00:14:19,560
rocks which consist of fragments of the

239
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:21,590
igneous rocks embedded in lunar soil

240
00:14:26,710 --> 00:14:24,810
call Breck Sia's they were formed when

241
00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:26,720
meteorites impacted on the surface

242
00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:29,370
producing such tremendous pressures that

243
00:14:36,610 --> 00:14:31,770
rubble and soil were welded into solid

244
00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:39,170
both the igneous rocks and the breck

245
00:14:43,550 --> 00:14:40,890
Sia's they are clear witness to

246
00:14:45,410 --> 00:14:43,560
prolonged meteorite bombardment they

247
00:14:49,070 --> 00:14:45,420
have been rounded as if they had been

248
00:14:50,480 --> 00:14:49,080
severely sandblasted pitted where they

249
00:14:58,700 --> 00:14:50,490
have been struck by micrometeorites

250
00:15:01,700 --> 00:14:58,710
traveling at high velocity and some

251
00:15:03,440 --> 00:15:01,710
coated with glass a material which had

252
00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:03,450
been melted and splashed by a meteorite

253
00:15:16,980 --> 00:15:14,610
rocks from Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 are

254
00:15:18,750 --> 00:15:16,990
in some ways similar but there were

255
00:15:22,230 --> 00:15:18,760
important differences in chemistry

256
00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:22,240
mineral composition and texture further

257
00:15:27,330 --> 00:15:24,850
the minerals of the Apollo 11 marks took

258
00:15:30,090 --> 00:15:27,340
on their present arrangement about 3.7

259
00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:30,100
billion years ago the minerals of the

260
00:15:37,170 --> 00:15:34,330
Apollo 12 rocks about 3.3 or 3.4 billion

261
00:15:39,390 --> 00:15:37,180
years ago an indication of two different

262
00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:39,400
events separated by several hundred

263
00:15:45,210 --> 00:15:42,370
million years the ages were far greater

264
00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:45,220
than many expected it was probably

265
00:15:49,530 --> 00:15:47,260
during this time more than three billion

266
00:15:53,160 --> 00:15:49,540
years ago that the Maurya basins were

267
00:15:55,290 --> 00:15:53,170
filled while the opponent well rocks

268
00:15:57,300 --> 00:15:55,300
were generally somewhat younger the

269
00:16:00,840 --> 00:15:57,310
collection did yield one unique and

270
00:16:03,990 --> 00:16:00,850
quite complicated Rock number 13 now

271
00:16:07,410 --> 00:16:04,000
famous in lunar science portions of rock

272
00:16:09,930 --> 00:16:07,420
13 proved to be some 4.6 billion years

273
00:16:12,660 --> 00:16:09,940
old very merely the age of the solar

274
00:16:14,460 --> 00:16:12,670
system itself this may be some

275
00:16:18,870 --> 00:16:14,470
indication of what to expect from the

276
00:16:21,540 --> 00:16:18,880
lunar Highlands another type of material

277
00:16:24,260 --> 00:16:21,550
is the lunar soil created apparently as

278
00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:24,270
rocks had been pulverized by bombardment

279
00:16:29,550 --> 00:16:27,250
one core tube sample from the Apollo 12

280
00:16:31,740 --> 00:16:29,560
landing site showed the soil was

281
00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:31,750
stratified or layered with lighter

282
00:16:35,790 --> 00:16:34,510
darker bands of material they even

283
00:16:40,350 --> 00:16:35,800
seemed that one layer might have a

284
00:16:42,510 --> 00:16:40,360
mixture of volcanic ash under the

285
00:16:44,870 --> 00:16:42,520
microscope it can be seen that the soil

286
00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:44,880
consists of tiny fragments of rocks

287
00:16:49,890 --> 00:16:47,290
particles of glass and bits of

288
00:16:52,770 --> 00:16:49,900
meteorites even the soil shows evidence

289
00:16:55,170 --> 00:16:52,780
of bombardment some of the individual

290
00:16:57,150 --> 00:16:55,180
brains have been so pitted in fact that

291
00:17:02,560 --> 00:16:57,160
they look almost like tiny replicas of

292
00:17:07,420 --> 00:17:04,870
in examining the lunar soils and Breck

293
00:17:09,430 --> 00:17:07,430
sees scientists have found an abundance

294
00:17:15,540 --> 00:17:09,440
of products of the solar wind the

295
00:17:20,980 --> 00:17:18,520
they have found in fact that if an ounce

296
00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:20,990
of lunar soil is heated to about 1,800

297
00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:22,970
degrees Fahrenheit at an atmospheric

298
00:17:27,340 --> 00:17:24,710
pressure equal to that at sea level

299
00:17:29,730 --> 00:17:27,350
about 12 cubic inches of gas will be

300
00:17:33,520 --> 00:17:29,740
produced primarily hydrogen and helium

301
00:17:36,100 --> 00:17:33,530
directly from the Sun it is possible

302
00:17:39,430 --> 00:17:36,110
using the moon materials to go back and

303
00:17:40,750 --> 00:17:39,440
trace the behavior of the Sun almost

304
00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:40,760
back to the beginning of the solar

305
00:17:43,450 --> 00:17:41,600
system

306
00:17:45,490 --> 00:17:43,460
the interesting part about the solar

307
00:17:48,370 --> 00:17:45,500
wind is that it represents the actual

308
00:17:50,740 --> 00:17:48,380
stuff of the Sun if you had in Turkey

309
00:17:53,320 --> 00:17:50,750
Hamzah maybe the dippy end of the Sun

310
00:17:56,860 --> 00:17:53,330
and reach out and take this material and

311
00:17:58,660 --> 00:17:56,870
bring it back to your laboratory the

312
00:18:01,390 --> 00:17:58,670
lunar materials have also been closely

313
00:18:03,520 --> 00:18:01,400
searched for any trace of life or even

314
00:18:05,470 --> 00:18:03,530
for any materials with organic contents

315
00:18:07,210 --> 00:18:05,480
it has been a search which the

316
00:18:12,019 --> 00:18:07,220
scientists have so far found to be

317
00:18:12,029 --> 00:18:14,520
you

318
00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:16,470
scientists have found the results more

319
00:18:22,590 --> 00:18:18,490
interesting however when earth organisms

320
00:18:25,860 --> 00:18:22,600
have been exposed to lunar materials of

321
00:18:28,890 --> 00:18:25,870
the variety of biological systems that

322
00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:28,900
we tested with the lunar material the

323
00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:31,510
plants were most unique in their

324
00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:34,930
response for example the five jars of

325
00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:37,570
liverworts you see illustrated on the

326
00:18:43,740 --> 00:18:41,050
top gave much increased growth in the

327
00:18:46,530 --> 00:18:43,750
presence of lunar material this effect

328
00:18:48,990 --> 00:18:46,540
was noted for ferns a number of tissue

329
00:18:51,630 --> 00:18:49,000
cultures such as tobacco and corn and

330
00:18:54,840 --> 00:18:51,640
certain higher plant species such as

331
00:18:57,480 --> 00:18:54,850
lettuce now the exact reasons for this

332
00:19:01,140 --> 00:18:57,490
beneficial response are unknown at the

333
00:19:05,670 --> 00:19:01,150
present however it is likely that some

334
00:19:07,790 --> 00:19:05,680
trace mineral or perhaps even a physical

335
00:19:10,290 --> 00:19:07,800
property of the lunar material is

336
00:19:13,170 --> 00:19:10,300
interacting with the minerals we furnish

337
00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:13,180
to give a more desirable medium for

338
00:19:18,690 --> 00:19:16,330
plant growth this is a very exciting

339
00:19:21,840 --> 00:19:18,700
discovery and one that was totally

340
00:19:27,090 --> 00:19:21,850
unexpected in the tests conducted in the

341
00:19:29,190 --> 00:19:27,100
lunar receiving laboratory the flooded

342
00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:29,200
information derived lunar materials

343
00:19:34,340 --> 00:19:29,770
alone

344
00:19:38,970 --> 00:19:37,320
in the mean time however still more

345
00:19:40,650 --> 00:19:38,980
information is flowing in from the

346
00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:40,660
scientific instruments set up by the

347
00:19:45,240 --> 00:19:43,330
astronauts scientists received one of

348
00:19:47,580 --> 00:19:45,250
their biggest surprises when the Apollo

349
00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:47,590
12 seismometer told the story of how the

350
00:19:53,460 --> 00:19:49,810
moon vibrated when it was struck by the

351
00:19:57,510 --> 00:19:53,470
astronauts abandoned lunar module it is

352
00:20:00,750 --> 00:19:57,520
as though one had struck a belt in the

353
00:20:03,210 --> 00:20:00,760
belfry of the church a single blow and

354
00:20:06,510 --> 00:20:03,220
found that the reverberation from it

355
00:20:08,370 --> 00:20:06,520
continued for 30 minutes the signal

356
00:20:09,030 --> 00:20:08,380
seemed to indicate that the energy the

357
00:20:11,520 --> 00:20:09,040
impact

358
00:20:14,190 --> 00:20:11,530
scattered greatly on one hand but had a

359
00:20:16,170 --> 00:20:14,200
prolonged duration on the other such a

360
00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:16,180
combination of characteristics simply

361
00:20:21,750 --> 00:20:19,330
does not occur on earth subsequently

362
00:20:24,030 --> 00:20:21,760
signals of a similar nature will receive

363
00:20:27,560 --> 00:20:24,040
from other impacts both natural and

364
00:20:32,460 --> 00:20:30,450
after analyzing signals recorded over

365
00:20:35,130 --> 00:20:32,470
several months scientists also

366
00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:35,140
discovered evidence of moon quakes these

367
00:20:38,460 --> 00:20:36,850
occurred each time the moon passed

368
00:20:40,350 --> 00:20:38,470
through the point of its orbit closest

369
00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:40,360
to Earth when there was maximum

370
00:20:44,970 --> 00:20:42,130
gravitational attraction between the two

371
00:20:46,380 --> 00:20:44,980
bodies apparently the attraction

372
00:20:50,190 --> 00:20:46,390
triggered the quakes and they were

373
00:20:52,950 --> 00:20:50,200
possibly a volcanic origin so far

374
00:20:54,630 --> 00:20:52,960
however the seismometer detected those

375
00:20:57,480 --> 00:20:54,640
signals that would indicate events

376
00:21:02,549 --> 00:20:57,490
originating deep within the moon such

377
00:21:04,350 --> 00:21:02,559
events occur frequently under the upshot

378
00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:04,360
is that the meaning of the signals is

379
00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:07,330
far from understood from other

380
00:21:12,870 --> 00:21:09,730
instruments scientists are harvesting

381
00:21:15,870 --> 00:21:12,880
rich new information on the magnetic

382
00:21:18,500 --> 00:21:15,880
fields of the moon and of the earth the

383
00:21:21,210 --> 00:21:18,510
extremely thin atmosphere of the moon

384
00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:21,220
the rate at which particles stream away

385
00:21:27,330 --> 00:21:25,450
from the Sun for a long time to come

386
00:21:29,370 --> 00:21:27,340
scientists will be putting bits and

387
00:21:32,220 --> 00:21:29,380
pieces together searching out the

388
00:21:34,169 --> 00:21:32,230
answers to a long list of questions but

389
00:21:37,460 --> 00:21:34,179
already certain parts of the whole

390
00:21:40,590 --> 00:21:37,470
picture are beginning to take shape and

391
00:21:45,830 --> 00:21:40,600
the moon is by far our more interesting

392
00:21:51,480 --> 00:21:48,480
although every current theory about the

393
00:21:53,460 --> 00:21:51,490
moon's origin has major flaws it does

394
00:21:55,289 --> 00:21:53,470
seem probable that the major events in

395
00:21:58,049 --> 00:21:55,299
the formation and evolution of the moon

396
00:21:59,549 --> 00:21:58,059
occurred early in its history and that

397
00:22:02,669 --> 00:21:59,559
relatively little has happened since

398
00:22:04,409 --> 00:22:02,679
then one indication of this is the far

399
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:04,419
greater frequency of craters in the

400
00:22:09,390 --> 00:22:06,610
highlands than in the Maurya which are

401
00:22:11,100 --> 00:22:09,400
themselves very old and it means that

402
00:22:12,870 --> 00:22:11,110
the moon may hold records of events

403
00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:12,880
which have long since been obliterated

404
00:22:20,130 --> 00:22:18,010
from Earth by erosion structurally the

405
00:22:22,890 --> 00:22:20,140
moon compared with the earth is an

406
00:22:24,360 --> 00:22:22,900
extremely strong and rigid body as it

407
00:22:28,110 --> 00:22:24,370
would have to be to support the great

408
00:22:31,329 --> 00:22:28,120
mass concentrations mass comes so near

409
00:22:35,449 --> 00:22:33,560
scientists have seen that great heating

410
00:22:38,719 --> 00:22:35,459
has played a major role in shaping the

411
00:22:41,199 --> 00:22:38,729
moon's face in fact the Maurya basins

412
00:22:44,149 --> 00:22:41,209
were filled with lava flows

413
00:22:46,789 --> 00:22:44,159
they have also seen that impact has

414
00:22:53,499 --> 00:22:46,799
played a major role both on a gigantic

415
00:22:59,689 --> 00:22:56,359
contrary to what many expected there has

416
00:23:02,299 --> 00:22:59,699
been no evidence of water and as most

417
00:23:04,459 --> 00:23:02,309
expected there has been no trace of life

418
00:23:08,689 --> 00:23:04,469
and there seems little chance of finding

419
00:23:10,879 --> 00:23:08,699
any but as often happens in science the

420
00:23:12,139 --> 00:23:10,889
investigation so far have raised more

421
00:23:15,409 --> 00:23:12,149
questions than they have provided

422
00:23:18,259 --> 00:23:15,419
answers for instance what is the

423
00:23:19,699 --> 00:23:18,269
interior of the Moon like what is the

424
00:23:22,549 --> 00:23:19,709
source of the heat that produced the

425
00:23:25,339 --> 00:23:22,559
lava was it produced in some way and the

426
00:23:28,789 --> 00:23:25,349
interior of the Moon or was it generated

427
00:23:30,680 --> 00:23:28,799
by meteoroid impacts what lies behind

428
00:23:32,779 --> 00:23:30,690
the fact that it is the side of the moon

429
00:23:40,849 --> 00:23:32,789
with a Marya basis that faces us on

430
00:23:42,499 --> 00:23:40,859
earth what in the tail are the relative

431
00:23:45,589 --> 00:23:42,509
differences between the Highlands and

432
00:23:50,059 --> 00:23:45,599
the Maurya and the question one always

433
00:23:52,579 --> 00:23:50,069
returns to how was the moon related in

434
00:23:54,109 --> 00:23:52,589
essence the scientific investigation of

435
00:23:59,769 --> 00:23:54,119
the Moon is one of the great

436
00:24:02,599 --> 00:23:59,779
intellectual adventures of our time and

437
00:24:04,909 --> 00:24:02,609
a major chapter was written at the first

438
00:24:08,749 --> 00:24:04,919
conference for lunar science early in

439
00:24:09,949 --> 00:24:08,759
the year 1970 well we've come an awful

440
00:24:11,119 --> 00:24:09,959
long way and I think we've learned some

441
00:24:14,180 --> 00:24:11,129
very interesting things but there's

442
00:24:15,319 --> 00:24:14,190
still an enormous amount for us to learn

443
00:24:17,869 --> 00:24:15,329
about the moon before we fully

444
00:24:19,969 --> 00:24:17,879
understand it when we go to the

445
00:24:22,430 --> 00:24:19,979
highlands and we'll go to the patterns

446
00:24:24,529 --> 00:24:22,440
that they're going to be even more

447
00:24:26,089 --> 00:24:24,539
interesting from this point of view of

448
00:24:28,430 --> 00:24:26,099
the fundamental history of the solar

449
00:24:31,129 --> 00:24:28,440
system and then the parts that we have

450
00:24:32,899 --> 00:24:31,139
already visited it is only through the

451
00:24:35,329 --> 00:24:32,909
understanding of the interior of this

452
00:24:37,430 --> 00:24:35,339
planet that we begin to start to

453
00:24:39,419 --> 00:24:37,440
understand some of the processes that we

454
00:24:43,049 --> 00:24:39,429
see on the surface of the earth

455
00:24:44,879 --> 00:24:43,059
in fact we are taking a step in our

456
00:24:47,729 --> 00:24:44,889
understanding of the solar system and

457
00:24:50,279 --> 00:24:47,739
the earth that is comparable to the one